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LATENT REFERENCES / TAG2

Process Art

This reference note belongs to Tag2 in Latent References, an archive curated by Keigo Yoshida. Its archive region is Media art timeline. The note preserves its source text and links so that readers can trace the material behind the 3D map.

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Tag2
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Media art timeline

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An expressive approach that emphasizes the “process” of making a work rather than its final completed form as an artwork, focusing on the characteristics of materials and techniques. A tendency shaping expression from the late 1960s through the 70s, it can also be traced to elements of Abstract Expressionist painting such as Jackson Pollock’s dripping and Morris Louis’s staining. Tendencies emphasizing process and material characteristics converged and diverged from Minimal Art, Conceptual Art, and Performance Art, connecting to post-minimal tendencies. Major artists include Robert Morris, Richard Serra, Keith Sonnier, Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Robert Smithson, Gary Kuehn, and Barry Le Va. The Guggenheim Museum explains: “Process artists address matters involving the body, chance, improvisation, and the freely open-ended qualities of nontraditional materials such as wax, felt, and latex. Using these materials, they create unusual forms in irregular arrangements resulting from actions such as cutting, hanging, and dropping, or organic processes such as growth, condensation, freezing, and decomposition.” Morris advocated “Anti Form,” emphasizing process, time, and material properties, developing a distinctive theory of process art.  An exhibition representative of this tendency was “Anti-Illusion: Procedures / Materials,” organized by Marcia Tucker and James Monte at the Whitney Museum in 69. Artists exhibiting included Morris, who arranged diverse materials; Serra, who showed “Splashing,” scattering lead; Nauman, who exhibited a structure called “Performance Corridor”; and Rafael Ferrer, who exhibited ice blocks outside the museum. Musicians Philip Glass and Steve Reich and filmmaker Michael Snow also participated, with attention focused on procedures and temporality in music and film.  Also that year, “Live in Your Head: When Attitudes Become Form. Works–Concepts–Processes–Situations–Information,” curated by Harald Szeemann to include the new expressive currents of the time such as Land Art, Conceptual Art, and Arte Povera, toured Europe beginning at Kunsthalle Bern in Switzerland. The project, demonstrating Szeemann’s incisive curating, was recognized for its major influence on subsequent developments in contemporary art and was recreated in 2013 as “When Attitudes Become Form: Bern 1969/Venice 2013.”  In Britain, there are also painter Bernard Cohen, who depicts the painting process by drawing figures made of straight and curved lines on a canvas until they fill the picture; Michael Craig-Martin, who used ordinary stationery to depict relationships among them that are difficult to recognize; and John Hilliard, who recorded the process of a camera reflected in a mirror repeatedly photographing itself while changing the aperture and shutter speed. Robert Morris is one representative artist of process art. Robert Morris’s 1968 essay “Anti Form” conveys the essence of process art. Anti-form dismantles the geometric forms seen in Minimalism and prioritizes contingency caused by gravity and natural forces. It is therefore sometimes considered part of Post-Minimalism. Robert Morris advocated and expressed the concept of perceiving indeterminate forms, including wood and metal scattered around a room, felt hanging from walls, and steam erupting from the ground. Anti-form tendencies can also be seen in artists including Richard Serra, a contemporary of Robert Morris.

Source updated 2025-08-21 · Snapshot 2026-10-08

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