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Musica ex Machina — Machine-Made Music

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https://museum.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/2007/musica.html “Musica ex Machina (Japanese pronunciation: mujika ekusu makina / Mechanical Music)” is the name of a special exhibition held in 2007 at the University of Tokyo's Komaba Museum and a related research project. It is known for focusing on the historical relationship between music and machines and their possibilities.  What does the phrase “mechanical music” bring to mind for you?  Although music boxes and computers (desktop music production) differ in structure, they could be called “mechanical” in that a machine performs on the spot; music playback devices such as CDs, hard disks, and flash-memory players might also be described this way. However, in the exhibition we have prepared, we would like to consider the relationship between “machines” and “music” from a somewhat different perspective than you might imagine.  The idea of having machines play music automatically already appears in Aristotle's writings. Various mechanical structures devised in ancient Greece passed to the Middle East and showed new developments when reimported into Europe in the Middle Ages.  Church clocks using bells tuned to a scale to play a melody at appointed times can be regarded as representative automatic musical instruments of medieval Europe. The proliferation of such devices is thought to reflect the fact that music, in which various sounds are played in beautiful melodies, and clocks, which mark time precisely, both symbolized a universe operating with harmony and order.  Such thinking is probably why pipe organs with enormous, complex structures are indispensable in churches. An organ, which produces sound simply by supplying air and pressing keys, is also well suited to automatic performance. Automatic organs had already been invented in the 17th century, and small hand-cranked organs came to spread throughout many regions. This trend toward automating performance also generated interest in recording and reproducing performances in the mid-18th century. In this exhibition, we plan to use a computer to reproduce performance records from about 230 years ago.  In the modern era after the Industrial Revolution, machines became everyday presences. Machines also seem to have become indispensable to musicians, including metronomes that mark rhythms accurately. In the 20th century, some young composers began to recognize machine-like qualities as a form of beauty. The ideal of machine music was to express simply being a machine, neither the harmony of the cosmos nor imitation of humans, and this was also considered an appropriate attitude for a mechanized age. I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith, E. Toch, and others participated in this movement, leaving works for the player piano, which represented the highest music reproduction technology of the time. After the war, C. Nancarrow continued composing for player piano, but since the 1980s new technology has made it possible to connect pianos and computers, and many new works have emerged. This exhibition and its related events introduce representative works for automatic pianos and their creative activities from the 1920s to the present.  At the center of this exhibition are works by Martin Riches (1942-). This British artist living in present-day Berlin has presented many Music Machines. “Flute Playing Machine,” “Serinette (bird organ),” and “Clock V,” introduced here, demonstrate that even as contemporary artworks they do not exist independently of the historical relationship between machines and music.  Although their mechanisms have become electronic, automatic pianos remain popular today. Concerts featuring modern automatic pianos are also planned during the exhibition (with cooperation from Yamaha Corporation). In addition, the automatic composition and accompaniment programs developed through our university’s research, also presented in this exhibition, will offer abundant insights into “music” and “machines (technology)” in the present and future.  For us living in contemporary society, music is utterly commonplace. We live without any awareness of how this thing called “music” exists in relation to “machines.” Yet what was “music” in the first place? With such concerns in mind, this exhibition attempts to begin in ancient Greece, trace historical transformations, and explore contemporary and future “music” using its relationship with “machines” as devices that play it as a key theme.  This exhibition was organized by the research group “The Role of Machines in Musical Culture: Multifaceted Analysis and Perspectives on Its History and Present State,” funded by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (principal investigator: Hermann Gottschewski, associate professor at this university).

Source updated 2026-05-19 · Snapshot 2026-10-08

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