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LATENT REFERENCES / TAG2

FM synthesis

This reference note belongs to Tag2 in Latent References, an archive curated by Keigo Yoshida. Its archive region is Analog synthesizers. The note preserves its source text and links so that readers can trace the material behind the 3D map.

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Tag2
Archive region
Analog synthesizers

Archived reference note

English translation of the archived note. JP shows the original text. Source links and literal code are retained; the translation does not update or independently verify the source claims.

FM synthesis is a type of sound synthesis method for generating music and sound effects. FM abbreviates Frequency Modulation. FM synthesis was originally invented by John Chowning in 1967. FM synthesis generates sound using multiple oscillators, modulating the frequency of 1 oscillator with another oscillator’s frequency. This frequency modulation can produce complex, rich timbres. Typical FM synthesis uses 2 waveforms: a carrier wave and a modulator wave. The carrier wave is the sound actually heard, and the modulator wave is used to change its frequency. The higher the modulator wave's frequency, the higher the carrier wave's frequency also becomes. FM synthesis can create complex timbres using simple waveforms. Combining several operators (combinations of oscillators and modulators), for example, can reproduce chime sounds, metallic sounds, bell sounds, and more. FM synthesis was adopted by Yamaha in the digital synthesizer “DX7” during the 1980s and achieved great success through its rich timbres and flexibility. It remains an important method used in music production and sound-effect generation.

Source updated 2023-07-30 · Snapshot 2026-10-08

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