LATENT REFERENCES / TAG2
Complex Systems
Original title: 複雑系
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A complex system (Japanese reading: fukuzatsukei; English: complex system) is a system in which multiple interconnected factors combine to show some property as a whole (or behavior derived from that property), while its overall behavior is not evident from the individual factors or parts1.
For these, narrow-scope and short-term predictions are not impossible based on empirical elements, but it is difficult to understand the grounds for such predictions by reducing them to more fundamental laws (reductionism). There are two types of system complexity: disorganized complexity and organized complexity2. Essentially, this distinction calls complexity arising from a multitude of factors “disorganized,” while describing a system’s display of emergence (even if it may in some cases have extremely limited factors) as “organized.”
Complex systems are by no means unusual: many systems interesting and useful to humans are complex. Examples of complex systems as models for studying systemic complexity include ant nests, human economies and societies, weather phenomena, nervous systems, cells, organisms including humans, and modern energy and communications infrastructure.
Complex systems are studied in diverse fields including natural science, mathematics, and social science. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for pioneering research into climate systems as complex systems.3 This was the first Nobel Prize awarded to complex-systems science. See also the article on complex-systems science.
複雑系(ふくざつけい、英: complex system)とは、相互に関連する複数の要因が合わさって全体としてなんらかの性質(あるいはそういった性質から導かれる振る舞い)を見せる系であって、しかしその全体としての挙動は個々の要因や部分からは明らかでないようなものをいう1。
これらは狭い範囲かつ短期の予測は経験的要素から不可能ではないが、その予測の裏付けをより基本的な法則に還元して理解する(還元主義)のは困難である。系の持つ複雑性には非組織的複雑性と組織的複雑性の二つの種類がある2。これらの区別は本質的に、要因の多さに起因するものを「組織化されていない」(disorganized) といい、対象とする系が(場合によってはきわめて限定的な要因しか持たないかもしれないが)創発性を示すことを「組織化された」(organized) と言っているものである。
複雑系は決して珍しいシステムというわけではなく、実際に人間にとって興味深く有用な多くの系が複雑系である。系の複雑性を研究するモデルとしての複雑系には、蟻の巣、人間経済・社会、気象現象、神経系、細胞、人間を含む生物などや現代的なエネルギーインフラや通信インフラなどが挙げられる。
複雑系は自然科学、数学、社会科学などの多岐にわたる分野で研究されている。2021年度のノーベル物理学賞は、複雑系としての気象システムに対する先駆的研究に与えられた。3これは複雑系科学にノーベル賞が与えられた初めての事例である。また、複雑系科学の記事も参照のこと。
Source updated 2024-01-16 · Snapshot 2026-10-08
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- Complex SystemComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.375 · shared title, text, tags and references
- University of ZurichComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.094 · shared title, text, tags and references
- ThereminComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.092 · shared title, text, tags and references
- water yam robertComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.091 · shared title, text, tags and references