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LATENT REFERENCES / TAG2

Complex Systems

This reference note belongs to Tag2 in Latent References, an archive curated by Keigo Yoshida. Its archive region is Physics. The note preserves its source text and links so that readers can trace the material behind the 3D map.

Collection
Tag2
Archive region
Physics

Archived reference note

English translation of the archived note. JP shows the original text. Source links and literal code are retained; the translation does not update or independently verify the source claims.

A complex system (Japanese reading: fukuzatsukei; English: complex system) is a system in which multiple interconnected factors combine to show some property as a whole (or behavior derived from that property), while its overall behavior is not evident from the individual factors or parts1. For these, narrow-scope and short-term predictions are not impossible based on empirical elements, but it is difficult to understand the grounds for such predictions by reducing them to more fundamental laws (reductionism). There are two types of system complexity: disorganized complexity and organized complexity2. Essentially, this distinction calls complexity arising from a multitude of factors “disorganized,” while describing a system’s display of emergence (even if it may in some cases have extremely limited factors) as “organized.” Complex systems are by no means unusual: many systems interesting and useful to humans are complex. Examples of complex systems as models for studying systemic complexity include ant nests, human economies and societies, weather phenomena, nervous systems, cells, organisms including humans, and modern energy and communications infrastructure. Complex systems are studied in diverse fields including natural science, mathematics, and social science. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for pioneering research into climate systems as complex systems.3 This was the first Nobel Prize awarded to complex-systems science. See also the article on complex-systems science.

Source updated 2024-01-16 · Snapshot 2026-10-08

Source links and calculated neighbors

Cosine values measure shared lexical features, not truth, agreement or identical meaning. Original reference links are labeled separately.

  • Complex SystemComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.375 · shared title, text, tags and references
  • University of ZurichComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.094 · shared title, text, tags and references
  • ThereminComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.092 · shared title, text, tags and references
  • water yam robertComputed lexical cosine similarity 0.091 · shared title, text, tags and references