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The Californian Ideology

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In the 1990s, some entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley's information-technology industry vocally supported an ideology combining Marshall McLuhan's thought with elements of radical individualism, libertarianism, and neoliberal economics, spreading it through publications such as Wired. Based on 1960s counterculture and techno-utopianism, this ideology mixed New Left and New Right beliefs through a shared concern with anti-statism. Supporters believed that in post-industrial society or post-capitalism, use of information and knowledge based on the knowledge economy would promote growth and wealth creation, and the traditional power structure of the state would be replaced by individuals linked through virtual communities. Critics argue that the Californian Ideology strengthens corporate power rather than individuals, increases social inequality, and retains a strong American-centered perspective. Barbrook argues that the digital elite following this ideology embrace a form of reactionary modernism. According to him, “American neoliberalism appears successfully to have achieved the contradictory goals of reactionary modernism: economic progress and social stagnation. Precisely because the long-term goal of liberating everyone is never achieved, the digital elite’s short-term domination endures. “The Californian Ideology,” also called “The California Ideology,” is an essay written in 1995 by British media theorists Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron of the University of Westminster. Barbrook describes it as “a critique of dotcom neoliberalism”1. In this essay, Barbrook and Cameron argue that the rise of network technologies in 1990s Silicon Valley became linked to American neoliberalism, appearing as a hopeful technological determinism that fused contradictory left-wing and right-wing political beliefs. This essay was first published in Mute magazine in 1995 and subsequently posted to the nettime internet mailing list for discussion. Its final version appeared in Science as Culture in 1996. This critique has since been revised repeatedly in different versions and languages. Salon’s Andrew Leonard called this essay “one of the sharpest critiques of neoconservative digital hype.” Wired publisher Louis Rossetto, meanwhile, criticized it as showing “a profound misunderstanding of economics.”

Source updated 2026-05-15 · Snapshot 2026-10-08

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